What is a potential consequence of making changes to a CloudFormation stack outside of AWS?

Making changes to a CloudFormation stack outside of AWS can lead to the stack being in an unrecoverable state because AWS CloudFormation maintains the state and configuration of a stack based on the resources defined in the template. When modifications are made directly to resources outside of the defined stack, such as through direct interactions with services in the AWS Management Console or via APIs, the CloudFormation stack may become desynchronized from the actual resources.

This discrepancy can result in CloudFormation being unable to accurately assess the current state of the stack. Consequently, if you attempt to update or delete the stack, CloudFormation might not be able to manage the resources properly, leading to potential failures in updates or the inability to delete resources cleanly. As a result, the stack could end up in a situation where it is unable to recover due to this mismatch between the defined resources and their actual state.

The other options do not accurately describe the consequences of making such changes. For instance, the stack will not automatically update when changes are made outside of CloudFormation. Instead, any updates must be explicitly executed through CloudFormation. Similarly, the stack's permissions will not reset automatically, and the stack does not actively delete unused resources without directed actions via CloudFormation itself. Thus, option